Biochemistry Module 2 Practice Test

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• Where does the energy to lower the activation energy come from in an enzymatic reaction?
• Irreversible enzyme inhibitors bind to enzymes through strong covalent bonds.
• In the post-prandial (fed) state, which pattern describes insulin and glucagon levels?
• Irreversible inhibitors include covalent inhibitors, transition state analogues, and heavy metals.
• Competitive inhibition: effect on Vmax and Km.
• Ubiquinone transfers electrons to which complex?
• Is it true that different organs use LDH isoenzyme combinations of M and H to convert lactate to pyruvate?
• What is produced by ketogenesis during prolonged fasting or diabetes?
• Which statement best lists the factors that affect enzyme activity?
• Which coenzymes serve as electron carriers in the Krebs cycle?
• What determines a cell's membrane potential and what is the form of the Nernst equation at physiological temperature?
• Which statement describes buffer action and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
• In the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, which statement is correct?
• Ribose-5-phosphate produced by the pentose phosphate pathway is used for nucleotide synthesis.
• How do glycolysis and gluconeogenesis differ in energy cost and bypass enzyme usage?
• LDH isoenzymes differ by subunits. Which subunits make up the LDH isoenzymes?
• What is the primary role of DNA polymerases during replication?
• Sucrose is commonly known as table sugar. It is a disaccharide formed from which two monosaccharides?
• Which two macronutrients yield approximately 4 kcal per gram when oxidized?
• Which carbohydrate serves as the storage form of carbohydrates in plants?
• What are the components of a nucleotide, and how do nucleobases differ from nucleotides?
• Fatty acids are the primary input of which process?
• What is the central dogma, and how do transcription and translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• What enters the citric acid cycle (CAC) aka Krebs cycle?
• Elevation of LDH1 (H4) is most indicative of which condition?
• Proteins as enzymatic units form which role?
• What does the reaction rate constant (k) represent?
• Which vitamin is a precursor to the coenzyme FAD?
• Which molecules inhibit phosphofructokinase-1, reducing glycolytic flux?
• In negative feedback, what does the end-product typically do to the pathway?
• Which statement about irreversible enzyme inhibitors is true?
• What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the TCA cycle per glucose molecule under aerobic conditions?
• Which amino acid is ketogenic?
• What is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
• A reaction with ΔG < 0 is best described as which of the following?
• Elevation of LDH5 (M4) isoenzyme is associated with damage to which tissues?
• What does ΔG determine?
• What are carbs (glucose) stored as in tissue?
• In prolonged fasting, which ketone-related change occurs in the blood?
• Noncompetitive inhibitor effect on Vmax and Km.
• Michaelis-Menton Equation measures the relationship between what?
• How do non-covalent interactions influence protein structure and stability?
• Which expression correctly relates the actual free energy change to standard free energy change?
• Which enzyme is responsible for laying down RNA primers during DNA replication?
• What is the role of UDP-glucose in carbohydrate metabolism?
• What are the four levels of protein structure?
• Pantothenate is a precursor to which coenzyme?
• Which statement characterizes equilibrium in a reversible reaction?
• Vmax is defined as the maximum velocity an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can reach at saturating substrate concentration.
• What does redox potential indicate, and how do NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 function in metabolism?
• What is the primary type of interaction between an enzyme and its substrate in the active site?
• Which statement about the six main enzyme classes is accurate?
• Which signaling molecules act via second messengers in metabolism?
• What is the effect of high or low pH on enzymes?
• Which statement about a negative ΔG is correct?
• Which statement identifies the three irreversible steps of glycolysis and the enzymes that catalyze them?
• Enzymes accelerate reactions primarily by stabilizing which state?
• Which molecule enters the Krebs cycle as the primary substrate?
• Which lipids are described as present in the human body (including cholesterol, lipid bilayer, phospholipids, and TAG)?
• What does the oxidation process generate besides energy?
• Glycoconjugates are described as which of the following?
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes
• Which metabolic pathways are prominent in the fed state?
• What are the outputs of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway and the role of the non-oxidative branch?
• Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions are best described as what?
• Lactose is milk sugar composed of which monosaccharides?
• The energy released when a substrate binds to an enzyme is called
• Isomerases function
• Reaction rate of velocity (v) measures what?
• In competitive inhibition, apparent Km increases while Vmax remains unchanged.
• Keq is defined as the ratio of product to reactant concentrations when the reaction is at dynamic balance.
• In aerobic glucose oxidation, how many NADH, FADH2, and GTP are produced by the TCA cycle per glucose?
• Which of the following statements accurately contrasts saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
• Fructose and glucose are what type of carbohydrates?
• Catabolic pathways typically involve which of the following?
• What is the effect of high temperature (above 50°C) on enzymes?
• How is acetyl-CoA connected to lipid synthesis and energy production?
• What is the function of hydrolases?
• Are insulin and glucagon always opposite in their actions?
• Elevation of LDH1 isoenzyme in myocardial infarction is typically accompanied by which other marker?
• How is metabolism regulated by compartmentalization in cells? Provide examples.
• What process releases energy when fuels are converted to water and carbon dioxide?
• What are the products of pyruvate oxidation and where does it occur?
• Name the major lipoproteins and their roles in lipid transport.
• Which hormone is anabolic and promotes storage?
• Which model specifically emphasizes that enzyme conformational changes to accommodate the substrate is a central feature?
• In the fed versus fasting state, how does the liver regulate glucose production?
• Glycoconjugates play key roles in which cellular functions?
• Vitamin B6 is a precursor to which coenzyme?
• Which metabolic process is primarily associated with processing fatty acids for energy?
• Which molecule is the storage form of glucose in tissues?
• Ligases function
• Which statement is true about oxidoreductases?
• Which statement best describes the lock-and-key model?
• What describes the function of enzymes?
• What is the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and how does it connect glycolysis to the TCA cycle?
• Lyases function
• What does the Hill coefficient greater than 1 indicate about enzyme binding?
• List the five major TCA cycle intermediates that serve as biosynthetic precursors.
• LDH isoenzyme patterns are used to infer what?
• How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy?
• How is ATP best described in the body?
• Which metabolic processes are predominant in the fed state?
• Which metabolic pathway is located in the mitochondria and central to energy production?
• In standard conditions, what does a negative ΔG°' indicate about the reaction?
• How many fatty acids are esterified to glycerol in a triglyceride?
• What does Gibbs Free Energy change ΔG state?
• Which coenzymes shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain?
• Which concept describes the enzyme active site adapting to the substrate during binding?
• How many kilocalories per gram are yielded by the oxidation of carbohydrates and proteins?
• How many LDH isoenzymes exist?
• How are major metabolic pathways compartmentalized in eukaryotic cells? Provide examples.
• How does increasing substrate concentration affect Vo in the initial linear range?
• Km is defined as the substrate concentration that produces a velocity of half Vmax.
• State the Beer-Lambert law and its application in biochemistry.
• For a buffer with pKa 4.76, if [A-]/[HA] equals 1, what is the pH?
• A reaction with ΔG > 0 is best described as which of the following?
• Which intermediate produced in the urea cycle can enter the TCA cycle?
• Which combination describes the post-prandial state?
• If Keq > 1, what is the sign of ΔG°'?
• Noncompetitive inhibitors description: bind to enzyme at a site other than the active site and decrease function.
• Which lipoprotein primarily carries endogenous triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues?
• Which of the following lists the six main classes of enzymes?
• How does negative feedback regulate metabolic pathways? Provide an example.
• Which description best captures how phosphofructokinase-1 regulation links cellular energy status to glycolysis?
• A reaction with positive ΔG is best described as:
• The carnitine shuttle is required for transport of which molecules in beta-oxidation?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes competitive and noncompetitive inhibition?
• Lineweaver-Burk plot axes intercepts are -1/Km on the x-axis and 1/Vmax on the y-axis.
• What is the significance of protein folding and stability, including disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions?
• Niacin is a precursor to which coenzymes?
• LDH5 isoenzyme is composed of which subunits?
• Explain the essential amino acids and essentiality.
• What are the outputs of the two main glucose-6-phosphate shunts and their roles?
• What are the beta-oxidation steps for even-chain saturated fatty acids?
• Which statement best describes infant versus adult essential amino acids?
• What hormonal state characterizes the basal state after waking?
• Which statement about noncompetitive inhibition is true?
• Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
• Which statement describes the fate of the active site after catalysis?
• Triglycerides break down into glycerol and fatty acids; which set of fatty acids are listed as esterified to glycerol in a typical TAG?
• In a chemical equation, what does a double-sided arrow indicate?
• What are the building blocks and catalysts?
• Which statement about HDL is true?
• Which of the following are the major dietary fuels (macromolecules)?
• Lyases function can be described as
• If the Hill coefficient n equals 1, what does this indicate about cooperativity?
• Which statement best describes the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?
• Lineweaver-Burk plots: which statement about competitive inhibition is incorrect?
• True or False: Enzymes can increase the rate of reactions but are consumed in the process.
• Induced fit model describes that
• What are the primary outputs of the pentose phosphate pathway?
• Proteins as structural units form which part of the body?
• Which enzyme initiates the urea cycle?
• Which transport mechanism moves solutes against their gradient and requires energy?
• Which enzyme catalyzes the final, rate-limiting step of glycolysis, converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate?
• Which statement about equilibrium is true?
• In prolonged fasting, which hormonal changes occur?
• Okazaki fragments are synthesized on the lagging strand because of antiparallel template; which statement is true?
• Which set of conditions characterizes the basal state just after waking up?
• What are the coenzymes of the Krebs cycle?
• Which metabolic processes predominate during fasting?
• How do enzymes and substrates interact in the active site?
• What is the approximate energy yield per gram from the oxidation of triglycerides?
• What is the role of disulfide bonds in proteins, and how do redox conditions affect them?
• Anabolic pathways usually involve which of the following?
• Competitive inhibitors have structures similar to substrate and compete for the active site; effect can be reversed by increasing substrate.
• Which fatty acids are esterified to glycerol in a typical triglyceride?
• What is the role of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?
• Which hormone is catabolic and increases blood glucose?
• If Keq > 1, which statement about the reaction is true?
• What do the LDH isoenzymes indicate?
• Which statement best contrasts DNA and RNA structure and roles?
• During pyruvate oxidation, how many NADH molecules are produced per glucose?
• Glucose is the primary input of which metabolic pathway?
• Isoenzymes are
• Intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are which of the following?
• Which statement about ΔG in anabolic pathways is true?
• Lactose is a disaccharide comprised of glucose and galactose. Which option correctly reflects this composition?
• Chemiosmotic coupling and ATP yield per NADH and FADH2: what is the concept and typical yields?
• Which statement about Lineweaver-Burk plots is true for competitive inhibition?
• Which statement best describes energy changes in catabolic pathways?
• Which statement accurately describes the effect of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition on Lineweaver-Burk plots?
• Which chromatography methods are commonly used to purify proteins and what do they separate by?
• How many isoenzyme forms exist in creatine phosphokinase (CK)?
• Beyond NADPH production, what is another function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
• Which enzyme class is defined by transferring functional groups between molecules?
• What best describes the active site on an enzyme?
• Which statement correctly describes ligases?
• Which three general catalytic strategies are used by enzymes?
• Which hormonal profile defines prolonged fasting?
• What does Vo represent in enzyme kinetics?
• In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, NADH donates electrons to which complex?
• Which statement best describes the role of the NAD+/NADH redox couple in energy metabolism?
• Lower Km indicates greater affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.